| Table 1 | RISK CHARACTERIZATION QUOTIENTS FOR CHLORINATED COMPOUNDS FOUND IN MILL EFFLUENTS PRODUCED FROM BLEACHING PROCESSES WITH HIGH CHLORINE DIOXIDE SUBSTITUTION (COMPUTED BY DIVIDING THE TREATED EFFLUENT CONCENTRATION BY THE EFFECT CONCENTRATION) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Compound | Species | Response criterion |
Concentration of effect µg/L | Mean Concentration in effluent, µg/L | 95th Percentile concentration in effluent, µg/L | Risk characterization Observed mean conc./effect conc |
High exposure risk charcterization Observed mean conc./effect conc |
Number of samples analysed | |||||
| Percent chlorine dioxide subsitution | 100% | 50-70% | 100% | 50-70% | 100% | 50-70% | 100% | 50-70% | 100% | 50-70% | |||
| 2-Chlorophenol | FW Biota | EPA acute criterion |
4380 | 0 | - | 0 | - | - | - | - | - | 33 | 0 |
| 4-Chlorophenol | Rainbow trout | 96 h LC50 | 1900 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0 |
| Rainbow trout fry | 96 h LC50 | 24 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0 | |
| 2,6-Dichloro- phenol |
Rainbow trout | 96 h LC50 | 4100 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0 | 0 |
| 2,4-Dichloro- phenol |
Rainbow trout fry | 96 h LC50 | 2600 | 0.03 | 1.10 | 0.20 | 3.41 | 0.00001 | 0.0004 | 0.0001 | 0.001 | 34 | 25 |
| FW Biota | EPA acute criterion | 2020 | 0.03 | 1.10 | 0.20 | 3.41 | 0.00001 | 0.0005 | 0.0001 | 0.002 | 34 | 25 | |
| FW Biota | EPA chronic criterion | 365 | 0.03 | 1.10 | 0.20 | 3.41 | 0.00008 | 0.003 | 0.0006 | 0.009 | 34 | 25 | |
| 2,3,4-Trichloro- phenol |
No data | 0.00 | 0.70 | 0.00 | 2.74 | - | - | - | - | 8 | 9 | ||
| 2,3,5-Trichloro- phenol |
No data | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | 7 | 9 | ||
| 2,4,6-Trichloro- phenol |
Rainbow trout | 96 h LC50 | 730 | 0.03 | 2.13 | 0.43 | 6.54 | 0.00005 | 0.00291 | 0.0006 | 0.009 | 60 | 34 |
| 2,4,5-Trichloro- phenol |
Rainbow trout fry | 96 h LC50 | 900 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | 27 | 34 |
| FW Biota | EPA acute criterion | 100 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | 27 | 34 | |
| FW Biota | EPA chronic criterion | 63 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | 27 | 34 | |
| 2,3,4,5-Tetra- chlorophenol |
No data | 0.00 | 0.09 | 0.00 | 0.58 | - | - | - | - | 16 | 9 | ||
| Compound | Species | Response criterion |
Concentration of effect µg/L | Mean Concentration in effluent, µg/L | 95th Percentile concentration in effluent, µg/L | Risk characterization Observed mean conc./effect conc |
High exposure risk charcterization Observed mean conc./effect conc |
Number of samples analysed | |||||
| Percent chlorine dioxide subsitution | 100% | 50-70% | 100% | 50-70% | 100% | 50-70% | 100% | 50-70% | 100% | 50-70% | |||
| 2,3,4,6-Tetra- chlorophenol |
Rainbow trout | 96 h LC50 | 210 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | 51 | 34 |
| 2,3,5,6-Tetra- chlorophenol |
No data | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | 7 | 9 | ||
| Pentachloro- phenal |
Rainbow trout | 96 h LC50 | 160 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | 60 | 34 |
| FW Biota | EPA acute criterion | 20 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | 60 | 34 | |
| FW Biota | EPA chronic criterion | 13 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | 60 | 34 | |
| 4-chloroguaiacol | Zebrafish | Egg/larva NOEC |
700 | 0.32 | 0.00 | 0.88 | 0.00 | 0.0005 | - | 0.001 | - | 33 | 25 |
| 3,4-Dichloro- guaiacol |
Salmon (O. nerca) |
96 h LC50 | 2700 | - | 0.56 | - | 2.80 | - | 0.0002 | - | 0.001 | 0 | 25 |
| Algae (S. capri- cornutum) |
EC50 | 270 | - | 0.56 | - | 2.80 | - | 0.002 | - | 0.01 | 0 | 25 | |
| 4,5-Dichloro- guaiacol |
Rainbow trout | 96 h LC50 | 2200 | 0.03 | 1.82 | 0.17 | 4.96 | 0.00001 | 0.001 | 0.0001 | 0.002 | 34 | 25 |
| Zebrafish | Egg/larva NOEC |
300 | 0.03 | 1.82 | 0.17 | 4.96 | 0.00009 | 0.006 | 0.0006 | 0.02 | 34 | 25 | |
| 4,6-Dichloro- guaiacol |
No data | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.89 | - | - | - | - | 33 | 25 | ||
| 3,4,5-Tricloro- guaiacol |
Rainbow Trout | 96 h LC50 | 750 | 0.19 | 6.23 | 1.49 | 13.17 | 0.0003 | 0.008 | 0.002 | 0.02 | 60 | 34 |
| Zebrafish | Egg/larva NOEC |
200 | 0.19 | 6.23 | 1.49 | 13.17 | 0.001 | 0.03 | 0.007 | 0.07 | 60 | 34 | |
| 3,4,6-Tricloro- guaiacol |
No data | 0.01 | 0.49 | 0.09 | 2.45 | - | - | - | - | 53 | 25 | ||
| Compound | Species | Response criterion |
Concentration of effect µg/L | Mean Concentration in effluent, µg/L | 95th Percentile concentration in effluent, µg/L | Risk characterization Observed mean conc./effect conc |
High exposure risk charcterization Observed mean conc./effect conc |
Number of samples analysed | |||||
| Percent chlorine dioxide subsitution | 100% | 50-70% | 100% | 50-70% | 100% | 50-70% | 100% | 50-70% | 100% | 50-70% | |||
| 4,5,6-Trichloro- quaiacol |
Rainbow trout | 96 h LC50 | 800 | 0.03 | 3.68 | 0.45 | 7.01 | 0.00004 | 0.005 | 0.0006 | 0.009 | 54 | 25 |
| Zebrafish | Egg/larva NOEC |
300 | 0.03 | 3.68 | 0.45 | 7.01 | 0.0001 | 0.01 | 0.002 | 0.02 | 54 | 25 | |
| Tetrachloro- quaiacol |
Rainbow trout | 96 h LC50 | 300 | 0.08 | 1.74 | 1.03 | 6.46 | 0.0003 | 0.006 | 0.003 | 0.02 | 61 | 34 |
| Zebrafish | Egg/larva NOEC |
200 | 0.08 | 1.74 | 1.03 | 6.46 | 0.0004 | 0.009 | 0.005 | 0.03 | 61 | 34 | |
| 4-Chlorocatechol | Zebrafish | Egg/larva NOEC |
700 | 0.04 | 1.03 | 0.19 | 4.18 | 0.00005 | 0.001 | 0.0003 | 0.006 | 33 | 25 |
|
3,4-Dichloro- catechol |
Salmon (O. nerca) |
96 h LC50 | 2700 | 0.00 | 0.47 | 0.04 | 2.31 | 1.1e-06 | 0.0002 | 1.4e-05 | 0.0009 | 33 | 25 |
| Algae (S. capri- cornutum) |
EC50 | 1800 | 0.00 | 0.47 | 0.04 | 2.31 | 1.7e-06 | 0.0003 | 2.0e-05 | 0.001 | 33 | 25 | |
| 3,5-Dichloro- catechol |
Zebrafish | Egg/larva NOEC |
500 | 0.00 | 1.26 | 0.04 | 4.12 | 0.00001 | 0.003 | 0.0001 | 0.008 | 33 | 25 |
| 4,5-Dichloro- catechol |
Rainbow trout | 96 h LC50 | 100 | 0.16 | 6.65 | 0.64 | 12.26 | 0.002 | 0.07 | 0.006 | 0.1 | 34 | 25 |
| Zebrafish | Egg/larva NOEC |
500 | 0.16 | 6.65 | 0.64 | 12.26 | 0.0003 | 0.01 | 0.001 | 0.02 | 34 | 25 | |
| 3,4,5-Trichloro- catechol |
Rainbow Trout | 96 h LC50 | 1000 | 0.09 | 16.03 | 0.86 | 48.56 | 0.00009 | 0.02 | 0.0009 | 0.05 | 60 | 34 |
| Zebrafish | Egg/larva NOEC |
200 | 0.09 | 16.03 | 0.86 | 48.56 | 0.0005 | 0.08 | 0.004 | 0.02 | 60 | 34 | |
| Compound | Species | Response criterion |
Concentration of effect µg/L | Mean Concentration in effluent, µg/L | 95th Percentile concentration in effluent, µg/L | Risk characterization Observed mean conc./effect conc |
High exposure risk charcterization Observed mean conc./effect conc |
Number of samples analysed | |||||
| Percent chlorine dioxide subsitution | 100% | 50-70% | 100% | 50-70% | 100% | 50-70% | 100% | 50-70% | 100% | 50-70% | |||
| 3,4,6-Trichloro- catechol |
Brown trout | 96 h LC50 | 900 | 0.02 | 0.16 | 0.29 | 1.26 | 0.00002 | 0.0002 | 0.0003 | 0.001 | 53 | 25 |
| Zebrafish | Egg/larva NOEC |
350 | 0.02 | 0.16 | 0.29 | 1.26 | 0.00005 | 0.0005 | 0.0008 | 0.004 | 53 | 25 | |
| Tetrachloro- catechol |
Rainbow trout | 96 h LC50 | 400 | 0.14 | 3.61 | 1.59 | 12.68 | 0.0003 | 0.009 | 0.004 | 0.03 | 60 | 34 |
| Zebrafish | Egg/larva NOEC |
150 | 0.14 | 3.61 | 1.59 | 12.68 | 0.0009 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 60 | 34 | |
| 6-Chlorovanillin | No data | 1.80 | 3.32 | 1.80 | 6.33 | - | - | - | - | 1 | 25 | ||
| 5,6-Dichloro- vanillin |
No data | 0.00 | - | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | 24 | 0 | ||
| 4,5-Dichloro- veratrole |
No data | 0.00 | - | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | 34 | 0 | ||
| 3,4,5-Trichloro- veratrole |
No data | 0.01 | - | 0.07 | - | - | - | - | - | 33 | 0 | ||
| Tetrachloro- veratrole |
No data | 0.00 | - | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | - | 33 | 0 | ||
| Trichlorosyringol | Zebrafish | LOEC | 800 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | - | - | - | - | 29 | 24 |
| Compiled from publically available data submitted to regulatory agencies and Pryke et al., 1994; Stinchfield and Woods, 1994 and Kemeny and Krecklow, 1994) | |||||||||||||